Synthetic short-chain benzoquinone antioxidant
Scavenges reactive oxygen species and facilitates mitochondrial electron transport, enhancing ATP production and reducing oxidative stress.
None in the United States (approved in Europe for Friedreich’s ataxia)
Cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease [AD], Parkinson’s disease [PD]); mitochondrial disorders
Oral tablets
90–270 mg p.o. daily, divided in 2–3 doses
90–270 mg/day
Oral bioavailability improved when taken with food; metabolized hepatically
Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort
None commonly reported
Monitor liver function periodically in prolonged use
None
Limited evidence for dementia and Parkinson’s disease; use cautiously in hepatic impairment due to metabolism concerns.