Phospholipid dietary supplement
Key component of neuronal cell membranes; supports membrane fluidity, cell signaling, and modulates neurotransmitter release (acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine)
None
Cognitive enhancement in aging, mild cognitive impairment, dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-stroke cognitive impairment
Oral capsules and tablets (over-the-counter supplement)
100 mg p.o. twice or three times daily; titrate as tolerated or needed
100–300 mg/day divided doses
Orally absorbed; bioavailability and half-life data limited
Insomnia (especially if taken late in day), gastrointestinal upset, rare allergic reactions
Rare hypersensitivity
None routinely needed; observe for tolerability
None
May modestly improve memory, executive function, and processing speed in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or subjective cognitive decline. Potential utility in stress-related cognitive dysfunction and as adjunctive therapy with omega-3 fatty acids.