Essential fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids)
Modulates neuronal membrane fluidity, anti-inflammatory effects, and influences neurotransmitter function including serotonin and dopamine pathways
Hypertricyceridemia, specifically icosapent ethyl (Vascepa) and omega-3-acid ethyl esters (Lovaza)
Augmentation in major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar depression, cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia, agitation and aggression in neurodevelopmental disabilities
Oral capsules or liquids, typically EPA-predominant (>60% EPA) formulations preferred for psychiatric uses
1–4 g/day, dosed according to EPA content and clinical response
1–4 g/day
Absorbed via gastrointestinal tract; incorporated into cell membranes over days to weeks; half-life variable depending on tissue incorporation
Mild gastrointestinal upset, fishy aftertaste or burping
Bleeding risk increased in patients on anticoagulants due to mild antiplatelet effect
Monitor for bleeding risk if combined with anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents
None
Evidence supports cognitive benefit in vascular dementia, aging-related cognitive decline, and recovery post-traumatic brain injury (TBI). May provide modest mood stabilization in multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and early dementia syndromes. Use caution in patients on anticoagulants due to increased bleeding risk.