Nutraceutical / mitochondrial enhancer
Multifactorial; centers on its role as an acetyl group donor and facilitator of mitochondrial energy metabolism; enhances mitochondrial energy metabolism, supports neurotransmission and neuroplasticity
None
Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), post-stroke recovery
Oral capsules and tablets (over-the-counter supplement)
500 mg p.o. once or twice daily; titrate based on clinical response and tolerability
500–2000 mg/day divided doses
Orally absorbed; crosses blood-brain barrier; limited half-life data
Nausea, insomnia, restlessness
None well documented
None routinely required; monitor for agitation or seizure worsening in vulnerable patients
None
May support cognition and energy in older adults, stroke survivors, and individuals with neurodegenerative conditions. Minimal drug interactions reported, though long-term safety data are limited. Use cautiously with monitoring in patients with seizure disorders or agitation.